Hei "ngākau" o te whakawhiti hiko, he mahi nui tā te matua rino i roto i te whakawhiti hiko hikohiko. Ehara i te mea ko te mahi whai hua o te hiko anake ka pā ki te rahinga, te taumaha, me te pono o te mahi a ngā taputapu. Ko te whanaketanga o ngā rauemi matua rino, mai i te rino parakore ā-umanga ki ngā koranu kore-āhua i ēnei rā, kua kite i te whanaketanga whakahīhī o te hangarau whakawhiti hiko.
Ngā whakaritenga mahi matua me te mahinga o te matua rino
Ko te mahi matua o te matua o te whakawhiti hiko he whakarato i tētahi ara iahiko aukume whai hua, e taea ai te tuku i te pūngao hiko i waenga i ngā ara iahiko rerekē mā te kaupapa o te whakapūngao hikohiko. Ka pā tika te mahi a te matua rino ki ngā tohu hangarau me te ōhanga o te whakawhiti hiko. Ko ngā whakaritenga matua mō ngā rauemi matua rino ko: te iti o te ngaronga matua rino i tētahi auau me te kiato rerenga aukume, me te kiato rerenga aukume teitei i tētahi kaha o te papa aukume.
E rua ngā wāhanga o te ngaronga matua: te ngaronga hysteresis me te ngaronga iahiko eddy. E pā ana te ngaronga hysteresis ki te uauatanga o te aukumetanga rauemi, ko te ngaronga iahiko eddy ka puta mai i te iahiko e rere ana i puta mai i te rerenga aukume tauutuutu i roto i te matua rino. Hei whakaiti i ēnei ngaronga, me teitei te ātete hiko, te urunga aukume teitei, me te iti te kaha kōpeketanga o ngā rauemi matua rino pai rawa atu.
Te tukanga whanaketanga o ngā rauemi matua rino
He roa, he whakahihiri hoki te whanaketanga o ngā rauemi matua o te whakawhiti hiko. Ko ngā matua whakawhiti hiko tuatahi i whakamahi i te waea maitai waro noa, i te maitai waro rānei hei rauemi aukume. I te tau 1885, i whakawhanakehia e te wheketere Gunz i Hungary te whakawhiti hiko kotahi-wāhanga tuatahi me te ara iahiko aukume kati, ā, ko tōna matua rino i hangaia ki tēnei momo rauemi.
I te tau 1900, i kitea e RA Hadfield, he tangata Ingarihi, me ētahi atu, mā te tāpiri i te silicon ki te maitai ngawari ka taea te whakapai ake i te ātete, te whakaiti i te ngaronga o te ia hurihuri me te hysteresis, me te whakamamae i te āhuatanga o te "koroheketanga matua". I te tau 1903, ka tīmata te Hononga o Amerika me Tiamana ki te hanga i ngā pepa maitai silicon hurihuri-wera, e tohu ana i te tīmatanga o te wā o ngā pepa maitai silicon.
He raruraru kei ngā pepa maitai silicon hurihuri wera pērā i te kore taurite o te mahi me ngā mate nui. I ngā tau 1930, i puta he whanaketanga hou i roto i te hangarau o ngā pepa maitai silicon hurihuri-matao. I te tau 1933, i whakamahia e Gauss ngā tikanga hurihuri-matao me te whakamahana e rua hei whakaputa maitai 3% Si me ngā āhuatanga aukume teitei i te ahunga hurihuri. I te tau 1935, i mahi tahi te Kamupene Maitai Armco o te Hononga o Amerika me te Kamupene Westinghouse ki te tīmata i te whakaputa maitai silicon hurihuri-matao.
I muri i te tekau tau atu i 1960, ka mutu haere te hanga a ngā whenua ahumahi nui i ngā pepa maitai silicon hurihuri wera, ā, ka tahuri ki ngā pepa maitai silicon hurihuri matao me te mahi pai ake. I te tau 1964, i whakawhanakehia e te Nippon Steel Corporation o Hapani ngā pepa maitai silicon hurihuri matao e aro nui ana ki te kakano (maitai Hi-B), ā, ka whakaitihia ake te ngaronga kore-kawenga o ngā whakawhiti hiko.
I ngā tau 1970, i puta tuatahi mai ngā rauemi koranu kore-āhua ki te atamira hītori. I te tau 1974, i whakawhanakehia e te United Microelectronics Corporation ngā koranu kore-āhua rino, ā, i te tau 1978, i whakawhanakehia e te United States ngā whakawhiti matua rino kore-āhua 10KVA. Ko te āhuatanga o tēnei momo rauemi hou he tino iti te ngaronga rino, 1/3-1/5 noa iho o ngā rau maitai silicon tuku iho, e whakatuwhera ana i tētahi wā hou o te penapena pūngao mō ngā whakawhiti.
Ngā momo me ngā āhuatanga matua o ngā rauemi matua rino
pepa maitai silicon
Ko te pepa maitai silicon he koranu aukume ngohengohe o te rino silicon he iti rawa te ihirangi waro, ko te nuinga he 0.5-4.5% te ihirangi silicon. Mā te tāpiri i te silicon ka taea te whakanui ake i te ātete hiko me te urunga aukume mōrahi o te rino, te whakaiti i te kaha ātete, te ngaronga o te matua, me te koroheketanga aukume. Ka taea te wehewehe i ngā pepa maitai silicon kia rua ngā wāhanga: te huri wera me te huri matao, ā, ko te huri matao ka wehea anō ki ngā momo whakahāngai me ngā momo kore whakahāngai.
Ko te pepa maitai silicon kore-whakatakoto matao e pā ana ki tētahi koranu o te 0.5% ~ 4.0% (Si + Al), ka hurihia matao ki te 0.65mm, 0.5mm, me te 0.35mm, kātahi ka whakamahanahia, ka pania kia hangaia. He āhua marara te momo kakano o te witi, ā, he ōrite ngā āhuatanga aukume ki ngā taha katoa.
He nui te uruhanga aukume o te maitai silicon hāngai, ā, he iti ngā āhuatanga ngaronga i te ahunga ngāwari o te aukume, e tutuki ai ngā whakaritenga kawe aukume o ngā taputapu hiko pūmau pērā i ngā whakawhiti hiko. Ko te koki rerekētanga aronga witi toharite o te maitai silicon hāngai noa (CGO) he tata ki te 7°, ā, ko te uara ngoikore aukume kukū B8 kei runga ake i te 1.82Tesla; ko te koki rerekētanga aronga witi toharite o te maitai silicon hāngai aronga aukume teitei (Hi-B) he tata ki te 3°, ā, ko te uara B8 kei runga ake i te 1.90Tesla.
koranu kore-āhua
He rauemi mahi whakarewa te koranu kore-āhua, he rite te horapa o ngā ngota ki roto i te whāriki rauemi, ā, he "karaihe" tōna hanganga. E 80% te rino kei roto i te koranu kore-āhua noa, ko te boron me te silicon ngā wāhanga e toe ana. He āhuatanga tēnei rauemi o te kaha whakapūmau aukume tiketike (1.54T), te urunga aukume teitei, te iti o te au whakaoho, me te tino iti o te ngaronga rino.
Ko te ngaronga rino o ngā koranu kore-āhua e hangai ana ki te rino he kotahi-toru ki te kotahi-rima noa iho o te ngaronga o ngā rau maitai silicon kua whakahāngaihia, e whakaiti ana i te ngaronga kore-kawenga o ngā whakawhiti koranu kore-āhua mā te 70% ki te 80% ki te whakaritea ki ngā whakawhiti maitai silicon tuku iho. He iti noa te mātotoru rerenga aukume kua whakakīia o ngā koranu kore-āhua (tata ki te 1.5T), nō reira ko te mātotoru rerenga aukume kua whakatauria ka tīpakohia ko te 1.3-1.4T.
He tino angiangi te matotoru o te rīpene koranu kore-āhua, 0.03mm noa iho, ā, ko te hua o tēnei he 80% noa iho te tauwehenga whakapiri mō te matua rino kore-āhua. Ahakoa he iti ake te taumaha motuhake o ngā koranu kore-āhua i ngā pepa maitai silicon, he taumaha tonu te taumaha o te matua rino.
Te hoahoa hanganga matua
Kua tino whanake haere te hoahoa o te hanganga matua o te whakawhiti hiko. Mai i te matua rino whakanikoniko tuatahi, ki te matua rino āhua-C, kātahi ki te matua rino āhua-porowhita (matua rino takai), he āhuatanga me he painga tō ia hanganga.
Ka hangaia te matua rino porowhita mā te takai i ngā rīpene maitai silicon, pērā i te puna karaka kua piri pūmau. He ara iahiko aukume tonu tō tēnei momo matua rino, kāore he āputa hau, ā, he iti te ātete aukume, he teitei hoki te whai huatanga. Ki te whakatauritea ki ngā whakawhiti hiko kua whakakikoruatia o te kaha ōrite, he iti te rahi, he māmā, he iti hoki te turuturu aukume o ngā whakawhiti hiko toroidal.
Mō ngā whakawhiti koranu kore-āhua, nā te uaua o te tapahi i ā rātou rauemi, he mea hanga noa iho hei hanganga matua rino takai. Ko te hanganga matua o te whakawhiti kotahi-wāhanga he anga, ko te hanganga matua o te whakawhiti toru-wāhanga ia ka hangaia mā te whakakotahi i ngā anga e whā ki roto i tētahi hanganga e rite ana ki te hanganga pou-toru-wāhanga. Mā tēnei hanganga ka taea te whakanoho i ia takai wāhanga ki runga i ngā anga motuhake e rua o te ara iahiko aukume, ka whakakorea te awe o te rerenga aukume haurore tuatoru.
Te tukanga hanga o te rauemi matua rino
He uaua te tukanga hanga o ngā rau maitai silicon, inā koa ngā rau maitai silicon kua whakaritea. He uaua te tukanga whakaputa, he whaiti te matapihi tukanga, ā, he teitei te uauatanga o te whakaputa. E mōhiotia ana ko te "toi-ā-ringa o ngā hua maitai".
Ko te tukanga hanga o ngā rau maitai silicon kore-whakatakoto matao e uru ana ki: te huri wera i ngā pereki maitai, te maka tonu rānei ki roto i ngā koiri me te matotoru o te 2.3mm, ā, muri iho ka horoia te waikawa, te huri matao, te whakamahana, me te paninga kiriata whakamarumaru. Mō ngā hua silicon teitei, me whakarite tuatahi ki te 800-850 ℃ i muri i te huri wera, ā, muri iho ka horoia te waikawa, te huri matao ki tētahi matotoru, te whakamahana, kātahi ka huri matao i te tere whakaheke iti, ā, i te mutunga ka whakamahana whakamutunga.
Ko te tikanga tino noa mō te whakaputa i ngā koranu kore-āhua ko te rehu i te kohu whakarewa rewa ki runga i te anga takai parahi hurihuri tere-teitei, ā, ka whakamataohia te whakarewa rewa, ka whakapakeketia hei rara angiangi i te tere o te 106 ℃/s. Me whakaiti te ahotea ā-roto nui i hangaia e te tinei mā te whakamahana i waenga i te 200 ℃ me te 280 ℃ kia whiwhi ai i ngā āhuatanga aukume pai.
Ngā painga penapena pūngao o ngā rauemi matua rino
He maha ngā taputapu whakawhiti hiko, ā, he nui te kaha o te pūnaha hiko, ā, he nui ngā mate katoa. E kiia ana ko te mate katoa o ngā taputapu whakawhiti hiko i Haina e pā ana ki te 10% o te whakaputanga hiko o te pūnaha. Mā te whakaiti i ngā mate 1% ka taea te penapena i ngā piriona kilowatt-hāora o te hiko ia tau.
He nui ngā pānga penapena pūngao o ngā whakawhiti matua rino koranu kore-āhua. Ka whakaitihia te ngaronga kawenga kore o ngā whakawhiti matua koranu kore-āhua raupapa SH12 mā te 75% ki te whakataurite ki ngā whakawhiti maitai silicon raupapa S9. Ahakoa he nui ake te utu o ngā whakawhiti koranu kore-āhua i ngā whakawhiti tuku iho, he tino iti ngā utu whakahaere, ā, ko te wā whakahokinga haumitanga he 2-5 tau te nuinga.
Kua nui te whakamahi a ngā rohe whanaketanga ōhanga pērā i ngā kawanatanga o Shanghai, Jiangsu, me Zhejiang i ngā whakawhiti hiko koranu kore-āhua. Kei te whakamahere te Kamupene Hiko Hiko o Jiangsu ki te tāuta i ngā raina hiko hou me ngā raina hiko kua whakahoutia ā muri ake nei, ā, kaua e iti iho i te 30% te whakamahinga o ngā whakawhiti hiko koranu kore-āhua.
Te ia o te whanaketanga o ngā rauemi matua rino
Kei te whanake haere ngā rauemi matua rino ki te whakaiti i te ngaronga rino me te whakapiki i te aukume. Mō ngā rau maitai silicon, tae atu ki te maitai silicon kore-whakahāngai mō ngā motuka whai hua nui me te iti o te ngaronga rino, te whakatakotoranga angiangi me te maitai silicon e aro ana ki te whakaitinga rino tino iti me te whakapiki i te aukume, me te maitai silicon teitei mō ngā taputapu hiko penapena pūngao auau-waenga me te teitei.
Ko te maitai silicon teitei (koranu Si Fe me te 4.5% ~ 6.7% Si) he āhuatanga o te whakaiti i te ngaronga rino i ngā auau teitei, te urunga aukume teitei, me te iti o te kaha whakakorikori. Engari he nui rawa te ihirangi Si, ā, he tino ngoikore tōna kirihou i te pāmahana rūma, he uaua ki te hurihuri me te hanga. I tēnei wā, ko ngā rauemi koranu Si Fe 6.5% kāore i te hāngai ka hangaia mā te tukanga whakaurunga silicon.
Ko ngā rauemi nano-whakarerekētia me ngā rauemi koiora-pūmau tētahi o ngā huarahi whanaketanga ā-muri. I te pikinga ake o te hiahia mō te tiaki taiao, ka noho ko te whanaketanga o ngā rauemi rino matua kore-paitini, pirau-koiora, hangarua rānei hei huarahi rangahau nui.
Whakamutunga
Nā te whanaketanga o ngā rauemi matua o ngā whakawhiti hiko kua kitea te whakakotahitanga tino pai o te pūtaiao rauemi me te hangarau hiko. Mai i te maitai waro noa ki ngā rau maitai silicon, kātahi ki ngā koranu kore-āhua, kua tino whakapai ake ngā putanga hou o ngā rauemi i te taumata whai huatanga o te pūngao o ngā whakawhiti hiko.
I tēnei ao o nāianei, kua noho ko te tiaki pūngao me te whakaiti i ngā tukunga he mea whakaae whānuitia, ko te whiriwhiri i ngā rauemi matua rino whai hua ehara i te mea e pā ana ki ngā painga ōhanga anake, engari he kawenga taiao anō hoki. I te heke mai, me te puta tonu mai o ngā rauemi me ngā tukanga hou, ka haere tonu te whanaketanga o ngā matua whakawhiti ki ngā mate iti me te whai hua teitei ake, ka whai wāhi ki te hanganga o tētahi pūnaha pūngao matomato me te iti-waro.
Wā tuku: 29 o Ākuhata-2025
